Python Programming

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What is Python?

Python is a high-level programming language known for its simplicity and readability. It is widely used in various domains, such as web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and automation. Python has a large and active community, which contributes to its extensive library ecosystem and makes it a popular choice among developers.

History of Python:

Python was created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. It was designed to be a simple and easy-to-read programming language that emphasizes code readability. Python's syntax is known for its use of whitespace indentation instead of curly brackets or keywords, which makes it highly readable and helps maintain a clean and organized code structure.

Over the years, Python has gained popularity and has become one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. Its versatility allows it to be used for a wide range of applications, from web development to scientific computing and machine learning.

Python's success can be attributed to its extensive library ecosystem, which provides developers with a vast collection of pre-built modules and packages that can be easily integrated into their projects. This allows developers to leverage existing solutions and accelerate their development process.

With its simplicity, readability, and powerful features, Python continues to be a popular choice among programmers of all levels of experience.

Python Features:

Applications of Python:

Python is widely used in various domains, including:

Variables & Datatypes:

Variables:

In Python, variables are used to store data values. They can be assigned different types of values, such as numbers, strings, or boolean values. Unlike some other programming languages, Python does not require explicit declaration of variables.

To assign a value to a variable, you can use the assignment operator =. For example:

x = 5 # Here x is Variable and 5 is Value

In this example, we assigned the value 5 to the variable x. The variable x now holds the value 5.

Datatypes:

Python supports the following datatypes:

Here's an example of creating and using variables with different datatypes in Python:

# Numbers
age = 25
weight = 65.5
complex_number = 2 + 3j

# Strings
name = "John Doe"
message = 'Hello, world!'

# Boolean
is_active = True
is_admin = False

# Lists
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]

# Tuples
coordinates = (10, 20)
person = ("John", 25, "USA")

# Dictionaries
student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 20, "major": "Computer Science"}
employee = {"name": "Bob", "age": 30, "department": "Sales"}

In Python, variables are dynamically typed, which means you can assign different types of values to the same variable. The data type of a variable is determined by the value it holds at runtime.

Operators in Python:

1. Arithmetic Operators:

These operators perform basic mathematical operations.

a = 10
b = 3

addition_result = a + b       # 13
subtraction_result = a - b    # 7
multiplication_result = a * b # 30
division_result = a / b       # 3.3333333333333335
modulus_result = a % b        # 1
floor_division_result = a // b # 3
exponentiation_result = a ** b # 1000

2. Comparison Operators:

These operators are used to compare values.

x = 5
y = 10

is_equal = x == y              # False
is_not_equal = x != y           # True
is_less_than = x < y            # True
is_greater_than = x > y         # False
is_less_than_or_equal = x <= y  # True
is_greater_than_or_equal = x >= y # False

3. Logical Operators:

These operators perform logical operations.

a = True
b = False

result_and = a and b # False
result_or = a or b # True
result_not = not a # False

a = True
b = False

result_and = a and b  # False
result_or = a or b    # True
result_not = not a    # False

4. Assignment Operators:

These operators are used to assign values to variables.

x = 10
x += 5   # Equivalent to x = x + 5

5. Bitwise Operators:

These operators perform bit-level operations.

a = 5   # Binary: 0101
b = 3   # Binary: 0011

result_and = a & b   # Binary: 0001 (1 in decimal)
result_or = a | b    # Binary: 0111 (7 in decimal)
result_xor = a ^ b   # Binary: 0110 (6 in decimal)
result_not_a = ~a    # Binary: 1010 (-6 in decimal)

6. Membership Operators:

These operators test membership in a sequence.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

is_in_list = 3 in my_list   # True
is_not_in_list = 6 not in my_list  # True

7. Identity Operators:

These operators compare the memory locations of two objects.

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [1, 2, 3]

is_identical = a is b         # False
is_not_identical = a is not b # True

Conditional Statements:

Conditional statements in Python allow you to execute different blocks of code based on whether a given condition is true or false. The primary conditional statements in Python are if, elif (short for "else if"), and else. Here are examples of how they are used:

1. if Statement:

The if statement is used to execute a block of code if a specified condition is true.

x = 10
if x > 5:
    print("x is greater than 5")

Output:

x is greater than 5

2. if-else Statement:

The if-else statement allows you to execute one block of code if a condition is true and another block if the condition is false.

x = 3
if x > 5:
    print("x is greater than 5")
else:
    print("x is less than or equal to 5")

Output:

x is less than or equal to 5

3. if-elif-else Statement:

The if-elif-else statement is used when you have multiple conditions to check. It allows you to specify a series of conditions, and the first one that is true will execute its associated block of code.

score = 75

if score >= 90:
    print("A grade")
elif score >= 80:
    print("B grade")
elif score >= 70:
    print("C grade")
else:
    print("Fail")

Output:

 C grade

4.Nested if Statement

The if statement consits of inside the another if statement is called nested-if statement 

x = 10
y = 5

if x > 5:
    if y > 2:
        print("Both conditions are true")
    else:
        print("Inner condition is false")
else:
    print("Outer condition is false")

Output:

Both conditions are true

5.Ternary Conditional Expression:

Python also supports a ternary conditional expression, which is a concise way to write simple if-else statements in a single line.

age = int(input("Enter age:"))
message = "You are an adult" if age >= 18 else "You are a minor"
print(message)

Output:

Enter age:19
You are an adult

Loops:

In Python, loops are used to repeatedly execute a block of code. The two main types of loops are for and while. Here are examples of how they work:

1. for Loop:

The for loop is used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list, tuple, string, or range) and execute a block of code for each item in the sequence.

Example with a List:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)
#Output:
apple
banana
cherry

Example with a Range:

for i in range(5):
    print(i)
#Output:
0
1
2
3
4

for Loop with else:

You can include an else block which will be executed when the loop is exhausted (i.e., when there are no more items in the sequence).

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)
else:
    print("No more fruits")
#Output:
apple
banana
cherry
No more fruits

2. while Loop:

The while loop is used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.

count = 0

while count < 5:
    print(count)
    count += 1
#Output:
0
1
2
3
4

while Loop with else:

Similar to the for loop, a while loop can also have an else block that is executed when the loop condition becomes false.

count = 0

while count < 5:
    print(count)
    count += 1
else:
    print("Loop completed")
#Output:
0
1
2
3
4
Loop completed

Loop Control Statements:

break Statement:

The break statement is used to exit a loop prematurely.

for i in range(10):
    if i == 3:
        break
    print(i)
#Output:
0
1
2

continue Statement:

The continue statement is used to skip the rest of the code inside the loop for the current iteration and move to the next iteration.

for i in range(5):
    if i % 2 == 0:
        continue
    print(i)
#Output:
1
3

Nested Loops:

You can also nest loops inside each other for more complex scenarios.

for i in range(3):
    for j in range(2):
        print(i, j)
#Output:
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
2 0 
2 1

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